Sport Organization Essay Example

Sport Organization Essay Scenario: A LPGA coordinator decided to cut off some of her staff because she is convinced that there are no good workers in the field (this will save the business from bankruptcy). Therefore, she decided to do a gamble and have only volunteers and interns to take the job of four assistants. With game theory as the theoretical standard, the scenario can be viewed in two scenes. If the workers in the field are, by standard, inefficient, then it is necessary for the coordinator to do either of the following: 1) to replace the staff with people who are much efficient, or 2) to delegate the work to the volunteers and interns. Replacing the staff with people who are â€Å"assumed† to be efficient is very costly to the business, precisely because labor turnovers necessitates increased expenditures on advertisement and lofty transactions with the labor agencies. However, once the people hired proved to be efficient, then the business might be able to escape from bankruptcy. Altogether this option is clearly costly and has a high level of uncertainty. This option is moderately risky. The first option however has sub-options. The coordinator may hire a lower number of individuals who are proven to be very efficient in their former work (similar or related field). This hiri ng should be supplemented by a higher incentive (income) which will stimulate increased productivity among the workers. We will write a custom essay sample on Sport Organization specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sport Organization specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sport Organization specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This first sub-option will in the long-run increase the productivity and efficiency of the workers, and consequently the business. Cost are much lower than the first option since only few individuals are hired, hence less expenditure on advertising and indirect transactions with labor agencies. Short-run benefits are also high. This option is also moderately risky. The second sub-option is: the coordinator may hire a lower number of individuals to do the work of the workers laid-off. This option is not good business decision since this will not stimulate increased productivity. Both in the short and long run, return to investment is in the same level of the given scenario. This option is very risky. The second general option is good in the short-run. It will enable the business to recover partially since the wages of the workers are transformed into fluid capital. However because of lack of incentives to the volunteers and interns, the chance of an increase in productivity is remote. Hence, the probability that the business will stay in two or five years will be about .40, since the amount of labor spent does not equate the amount of benefits. In the long-run, the business will have a slim chance of recruiting volunteers and interns. Thus, this option is very risky for the business. Clearly, the option chosen by the coordinator in due time will be magnified on the recruitment level of the business. Because the option was very risky, this will financially handicap the business in the future, since the fluid capital of the business is not utilized by an efficient labor. As had been said earlier, there is a slim chance for the volunteers and interns to increase their level of productivity given the absence of any incentive. The risk taking propensity of the coordinator clearly lacked proper evaluation of other options, albeit the unprecedented condition of his business. Thus, her decision to lay-off her staff and replace it with volunteers and interns will not help her business. It will gradually take her business into a financial disaster albeit the lack of qualified laborers. Added to that, her assumption that there were no good workers in her business is a misguided one. An assumption is built on a pyramid of well-organized facts and arguments, with a clear set of standard. Anyone who is in the position of the coordinator, ceteris paribus, will experience the same results if the latter option is chosen (Kamalanabhan and Sunder, 2007). Unless other variables are examined, not just the composition of the staff, such will be the result.   Simply put, the coordinator must view all the options available and assess them via a standard.

The Roman Tetrarchy and the Rule of Four

The Roman Tetrarchy and the Rule of Four The word Tetrarchy means rule of four. It derives from the Greek words for four (tetra-) and rule (arch-). In practice, the word refers to the division of an organization or government into four parts, with a different person ruling each part. There have been several Tetrarchies over the centuries, but the phrase is usually used to refer to the division of the Roman Empire into a western and eastern empire, with subordinate divisions within the western and eastern empires. The Roman Tetrarchy Tetrarchy refers to the establishment by the Roman Emperor Diocletian of a 4-part division of the empire. Diocletian understood that the huge Roman Empire could be (and often was) taken over by any general who chose to assassinate the emperor. This, of course, caused significant political upheaval; it was virtually impossible to unite the empire. The reforms of Diocletian came after a period when many emperors had been assassinated. This earlier period is referred to as chaotic and the reforms were meant to remedy the political difficulties that the Roman Empire faced. Diocletians solution to the problem was to create multiple leaders, or Tetrarchs, located in multiple locations. Each would have significant power. Thus, the death of one of the Tetrarchs would not mean a change in governance. This new approach, in theory, would lower the risk of assassination and, at the same time, made it nearly impossible to overthrow the entire Empire at a single blow. When he split up the leadership of the Roman Empire in 286, Diocletian continued to rule in the East. He made Maximian his equal and co-emperor in the west. They were each called Augustus which signified that they were emperors. In 293, the two emperors decide to name additional leaders who could take over for them in the case of their deaths. Subordinate to the emperors were the two Caesars: Galerius, in the east, and Constantius in the west. An Augustus was always emperor; sometimes the Caesars were also referred to as emperors. This method of creating emperors and their successors bypassed the need for approval of emperors by the Senate and blocked the power of the military to elevate their popular generals to the purple. [Source: The City of Rome in late imperial ideology: The Tetrarchs, Maxentius, and Constantine, by Olivier Hekster, from Mediterraneo Antico 1999.] The Roman Tetrarchy functioned well during Diocletians life, and he and Maximian did indeed turn over leadership to the two subordinate Caesars, Galerius and Constantius. These two, in turn, named two new Caesars: Severus and Maximinus Daia.  The untimely death of Constantius, however, led to political warring. By 313, the Tetrarchy was no longer functional, and, in 324, Constantine became sole Emperor of Rome.   Other Tetrarchies While the Roman Tetrarchy is the most famous, other four-person ruling groups have existed through history. Among the best-known was The Herodian Tetrarchy, also called the Tetrarchy of Judea. This group, formed after the death of Herod the Great in 4 BCE, included Herods sons.

Security for Credit Card Fraud in E-commerce Essay

Security for Credit Card Fraud in E-commerce - Essay Example It has provided the world with innovative modes of communication from one end of the globe to the other [7]. Another area which has witnessed ground-breaking revolution is the conception of e-commerce; an idea which would have seemed unattainable for a man in the past. E-commerce encapsulates the concept of buying and selling products online, which involves money transactions from around the world. Since these transactions are usually done through credit cards, therefore this raises a need to authenticate and verify the customers who are involved in purchasing goods online. Their location, personal information, and account information need to be verified so that the chances of fraud can be minimized [2]. There are over 1.2 billion internet users all over the world [14]; Cheskin Research & Studio Archetype/Sapient concludes some internet users pose threats and some pose opportunities [3]. One of the major threats prevailing in the modern age is the validity of the transactions that take place online [16]. This mistrust in business owners is the product of the thousands of fraud cases witnessed in the past and this has led the companies to deploy extreme security measures to tackle this threat [4]. The goal of e-commerce sites is as follows; one is to reduce the degree of fraudulent activities, try to lower the number of rejections for legitimate orders as much as possible and minimize the number of manual reviews of transactions which prove to be costly for the company [5]. From these three objectives, it can be seen that fraud is their topmost concern and due to this they spend a large part of their resources in overcoming this challenge. The mode of payment in e-commerce transactions is through ‘credit cards’; which have established more opportunities for businessmen but at the same time introduced new problems in the whole process of selling goods [10].